I Have A Research Support System - Chapter 475

Three days later, New Year’s Eve.

After the New Year’s Eve dinner, Xu Qiu’s family sat on the sofa to watch the Spring Festival Gala, send group chats, and grab red envelopes.

Although Modu has completely banned the setting of fireworks and firecrackers, Xu Qiu’s hometown did not.

Therefore, at about eleven thirty, crackling and resounding firecrackers started outside, and even the sound of the Spring Festival Gala show on TV was covered.

Xu Qiu opened the window and wanted to take a look at the situation outside.

Then Xu Qiu closed the window as soon as he opened it, because he found that there was dust outside, which was full of flavor.

The sound of firecrackers outside gradually subsided until about one o’clock in the morning on the first day of the new year. It is said that every household “welcomed the God of Wealth to their homes.”

In the next few days, Xu Qiu walked around with relatives and relatives who were left at home.

During this time, Xu Qiu rarely talked about school affairs with his relatives.

On the one hand, he is relatively low-key, and it doesn’t make much sense to show his saint in front of his relatives;

Secondly, even if it is said, other people will probably not understand it. It is better to talk about some topics that everyone can understand, or get together to play cards and rub mahjong.

At the same time, Xu Qiu discovered that when he was in college before, he still had the new year’s money, but now that he has no new year’s money after entering a graduate school, and he still has to give the juniors the new year’s money…

It seems that the parents of this generation also assume that even if they graduate from university, they are “grown up”, but in fact, most domestic science and engineering graduate students don’t have much money. Xu Qiu can get a national scholarship, but the research group bonus is only very small. a part of.

However, the New Year’s Eve is almost the same as the elementary money. There are contacts and exchanges. If you give it out now, you can get it back after you give birth to a child in the future.

In this respect, there is still a loss of childbirth, and the New Year’s Money and the money given to them will not be collected.

Of course, this is also normal, there are gains and losses.

In fact, the New Year’s money and the money are still a small price, at best tens of thousands of dollars.

If the population gap in the future is too large and immigrants need to be introduced to change the country, in the end, infertile people will pay taxes and help immigrants to raise children.

This is also common in the world.

For example, developed countries with relatively low fertility rates divide their citizens into three groups: single, dink, and childbearing. The tax on singles is the heaviest, followed by dink, and the group that chooses to have children has the least tax.

Of course, it is obvious that their countries will not do it. For example, they will definitely not legislate to clearly stipulate singletons and increase taxes on DINK. This kind of law is likely to be boycotted.

But if you change it in another way, it can be solved.

For example, there will be subsidies for marriage, subsidies for childbirth, subsidies for children’s education, both men and women can take maternity leave, and the loss caused by maternity leave to the company will be borne by the state taxation…

In fact, it is a disguised subsidy for those who choose to have children.

How did the subsidy come from? Naturally, it is the extra price paid by singles and DINK groups.

This world is so realistic. Every choice an adult makes is actually an exchange.

It’s just that if you don’t think about it, it’s hard to find out what you’ve paid for.

After dealing with relatives for a few days, Xu Qiu continued to devote his energy to scientific research.

After groping over the past few days, Xu Qiu used SEM and other characterization methods to find that moving house would indeed affect the evaporation equipment.

Specifically, the conditions of the original Handan Material No. 216 Laboratory are used in the evaporation equipment of the current Jiangwan Xiancai 522 Laboratory, and the actual thickness of the final prepared film will be 10%-20% thicker on average.

Xu Qiu quickly found the reason behind it, mainly because the principle of film thickness detection by evaporation is the indirect method——

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During the evaporation process, there is a crystal oscillator in the middle of the evaporation chamber. The target molecules are heated from the beam source furnace or electric heating device below, and are deposited on the crystal oscillator to form a real-time current signal. The instrument converts the current signal into evaporation. The plating rate signal is then integrated to calculate the real-time film thickness.

Under the influence of gravity, the farther the crystal oscillator is from the beam source furnace or the electric heating device, the less the number of target molecules diffused per unit time is collected.

If the crystal oscillator is positioned below the standard position, that is, close to the beam source furnace or electric heating device, the detected vapor deposition rate will be greater than the actual vapor deposition rate, and the actual film thickness will be thinner.

It is easy to understand that if the actual vapor deposition rate is 0.2 angstroms per second, the displayed vapor deposition rate is 0.4 angstroms per second, and the expected vapor deposition film thickness is 20 angstroms. After 50 seconds of vapor deposition, according to the display of the instrument, it has reached 20 angstroms. However, the actual thickness is only 10 angstroms.

vice versa.

Therefore, the current situation is that during the transportation process, vibration may occur, causing the position of the crystal oscillator to be above the standard position.

If there is a problem, it must be adjusted.

There are mainly two adjustment methods.

The first is to directly install the crystal oscillator device to the original standard position.

This method sounds simple, but in fact it is very troublesome to operate, and it takes a lot of time to adjust and explore.

First, it needs to be adjusted once, and evaporated once, and then use SEM or other means to characterize and test the actual thickness once to see if it is consistent with the predicted film thickness.

If it matches, it means the adjustment has been made, but the probability of being shot into the soul is very low.

There is a high probability that it is difficult to do it all at once. At this time, the process of “adjustment, evaporation, and testing” needs to be repeated until the theory and reality are in line.

The second method is to re-calibrate various evaporation parameters, such as the Z factor, based on the current crystal oscillator position.

This method is quite simple, but because the instrument is integrated, the specific internal principles and the formula for calculating the film thickness are only known to the manufacturer. For users, it is still somewhat difficult to calibrate the parameters by themselves. big.

Therefore, there is a high probability that repairs can only be carried out by calling the manufacturer, and for such expensive equipment, if the manufacturer is called to repair, the cost is basically thousands or even tens of thousands.

After weighing the two methods, Xu Qiu finally chose the first one. After all, he has a system to help explore.

Now, Xu Qiu has already debugged the one copied to the simulation laboratory. After he returns to school, he plans to go to Jiang Ben to adjust the actual one in advance.

In addition, there is actually a third adjustment method, although it is not very recommended, but it is also a method.

That is to ignore the actual film thickness and only use the data displayed by the instrument as a reference.

In other words, regardless of the actual film thickness, we assume that the result displayed by the instrument is relatively correct, even if the error between the instrument data and the actual data will be large.

Because this method does not need to calibrate the actual thickness, it can be optimized directly, so it saves time.

Moreover, it has no effect on the internal research of your own research group, as long as you find the best conditions and continue to use it.

However, if the article is published, it may make it difficult for colleagues to repeat the experimental results.

For example, the evaporation of the transmission layer and the electrode is actually okay, because these do not have a great impact on the performance of the device. The film thickness difference is 10%-20%, and the absolute value of the final efficiency may be 0.5-1%. , Other research groups can be roughly repeated.

But if it is some key experimental operation and there are problems, it will be difficult to repeat it.

In reality, there are indeed research groups that use the third method. Some may deliberately want to blur the experimental conditions, and some may be unintentional.

For example, Zhang San is doing organic synthesis. He wants to synthesize a certain compound, referring to a document.

The literature says: “A certain reaction needs to be stirred vigorously overnight at room temperature, and then… finally compound 3 is obtained.”

As a result, Zhang San actually repeated it again and found that the **** of the flask was finally synthesized. He clicked on a board and found that it was full of dots. He liked to mention a “candied haws”.

Zhang San analyzed the reasons and found that the research group who published this article was in Curry Country, the article was published in summer, and he was experimenting in a university laboratory in northern China, and it is now in winter.

The same is “room temperature”, the other party’s literature may be above 30 degrees Celsius, and Zhang San’s own laboratory may only be 10-20 degrees Celsius even if the air conditioner and heating are turned on…

Don’t underestimate the 10-20 degrees Celsius. For chemical reactions, the temperature is exponential in the relationship between the reaction rate and the temperature. In other words, if the temperature differs by 10 degrees Celsius, the reaction rate usually differs by 2-4 times.

Moreover, most chemical reactions have activation energy, and the energy given by the outside must reach a certain critical condition before the reaction can take place.

In addition, “vigorous stirring” is also a relatively vague term. It is difficult to say whether the rotation speed of 600r.p.m. is violent or 1000+r.p.m. is violent.

Finally, the “overnight” is also relatively vague. The reaction starts at 7 o’clock in the morning on the first day and the reaction ends at 7 o’clock the next day. The total reaction time is 36 hours, which is overnight; and the reaction starts at 7 o’clock in the evening on the first day. The reaction was finished at 7 o’clock in the morning the next day, a total of 12 hours of reaction, which was also overnight.

“Normal temperature”, “vigorous stirring”, and “overnight” are all relatively common vague expressions. For accuracy and a more standardized way of writing, it should be “a reaction must be reacted at 30 degrees Celsius and stirred at 1000 rpm for 24 hours, and then …Finally, compound 3” is obtained.

In a similar situation, Li Si is a perovskite. He wants to repeat an experimental phenomenon: “A certain perovskite film will not change color when placed in the air for 24 hours.”

As a result, Li Si couldn’t repeat it. He found that the result he had made was that the two-dimensional perovskite film was taken from the glove box into the air, and it turned from black to yellow in less than five minutes after it came out.

In the end, Li Si analyzed the reasons and found that the research group that published the article was located in a city with relatively low air humidity, and the air humidity in his own laboratory was relatively high, which was also “in the air”, and the air in different places would be different.

In addition to calibrating Jiangwan evaporation equipment, Xu Qiu also designed and synthesized a series of Y12 material derivatives, including Y13, Y14,…

Among them, Y13 and Y14 correspond to the modification of the end groups, that is, the ICIN and ICIN-2F end groups in Y11 and Y12 are replaced with ICIN-M and ICIN-2Cl.

Y14 has the best performance. Combined with J4 donor, the system-based device efficiency can be up to the highest. Speaking of which, since the school girl synthesized J4, the optimization of polymer donor material performance in the research group basically Has fallen into a bottleneck, it is difficult to find a better performance system.

In fact, it is easy to understand, because regardless of the J series and H series donor materials, they have too few reaction sites for optimization, and they have basically been optimized to the extreme.

If you want to make a breakthrough in device performance, you must make a relatively large change and develop a completely new system.

It is very difficult to make a brand new thing.

Because in the process of keeping improving, based on the existing system that has been optimized to a very good one, looking for a new system, there is a high probability that your performance will only get worse and worse.

Take the current non-fullerene receptor system as an example. After the ITIC series has been developed for so long, Xu Qiu has only found one Y series acceptor material, which can be better than the ITIC series. Many other systems have fallen on the street.

But even so, the Y series material is not completely new, and its end groups still use the ITIC series of ICIN derivatives.

Therefore, in terms of donor material selection, Xu Qiu intends to use “foreign aid” in the laminated devices previously submitted to the “Science” article, and find some suitable donor materials from his colleagues for his Y series. In the receptor system.

After all, there are dozens of research groups engaged in organic photovoltaics at home and abroad, not to mention hundreds.

I have led the team to synthesize ITIC, IDIC, series of acceptor materials, and J series, H series, and PTQ series of donor materials. Others should have some noise.

I can’t do all the work by myself, that’s not realistic.

Human imagination and thinking always have limits.

The current era is no longer the era of Newton and Einstein, when “one person can illuminate the whole world”.

People who can be so shining now are supported by a large team. No matter what the industry, ZZ family, entrepreneurs, and scientists are the same. If you want to achieve a big cause, it is impossible to succeed alone. .

In fact, a large part of the reason is also because Newton and Einstein had too few elites and too many ordinary people at that time.

Now that universal education is universal, everyone has the opportunity to show great power. The era of personal great power is basically over.

For example, the theory of relativity is a theory that few people can understand at the beginning, and now, even if the keyboard man comes out, he can say a few words: “Ah, ah, the speed of light does not change…”, “All inertial reference frame Barabara of equal rights”…

It can also be seen that in general, society is still progressing, and the cake will always grow bigger and bigger.

But why are there still a series of social problems, including domestic internal scrolling and foreign lying flat?

In fact, the speed at which the cake grows cannot keep up with the speed at which people expand.

In other words, before people could not have enough to eat or wear warm, people pursued very simple, as long as they were full and warm.

Now that people can eat and wear warmth, they need more things, not only materially better, but also spiritually, but social resources are limited and not enough, so they can only get involved and fight.

In addition, the existence of the Internet now makes the entire society more and more transparent.

The ordinary people in the middle and lower levels before, could not see the life of the elite at all, and might still be thinking about “the emperor’s golden hoe”.

You can see it now, and you may still feel “So the emperor doesn’t plant the land”.

There is no harm if there is no comparison, and if you see the gap, it will breed.

**In the early stage, it will inspire people to struggle, that is, involute;

But in the later stage, if you find that no matter how hard you try to catch up, you can’t break through the class barrier, then people may choose to lie flat.

The Y14 material with the best end group was determined, and Xu Qiu continued to modify the side chain based on Y14.

Specifically, in the Y14 molecule, there are two sets of side chains on the TT unit, and two sets of side chains are also connected to the nitrogen atom, and their length and type need to be adjusted separately.

In terms of length, you can choose alkyl chains with 6, 8, 10, 12, 14… carbon atoms. There are a total of N choices, and there are two types, linear and branched.

After permutation and combination, there are 2*N*2*N=4N*N possibilities, which is quite a lot.

However, Xu Qiu didn’t expect to be able to do it overnight, just take it easy.

During this period of time, Xu Qiu also received various news from the fellows in the research group and from Teacher Wei.

Sun Wo docked with the glove box company, and the other party had gone to Handan Material No. 216 to take the spin-coated glove box and start processing.

Wei Xingsi spent the New Year in Europe, but his daily work did not fall behind. He took the time to send a lot of PDF electronic versions of recent organic photovoltaic literature to Xu Qiu.

Wu Shengnan did not idle during the Chinese New Year, and worked hard to write articles on Y5, Y6, and Y7 materials, and made a few calls to Xu Qiu in the middle to consult the storytelling ideas of Y series materials. Her goal is not high. Satisfied.

Xu Qiu was a little surprised that the postdoctoral sister actually did so, but after thinking about it, it was normal.

To a certain extent, scientific researchers and attackers are still different.

If the scientific researcher decides to choose the scientific research path, rather than just for a degree certificate, then the post-graduate or post-doctorate work is more about working for yourself than working for the boss.

Because of the published academic results, although the corresponding author gave him a tutor, he can still use his own work afterwards.

Of course, if the instructor grabs a work, then emmm…

Chen Wanqing left the magic city the day before the new year, but she was going to work again on the seventh day of the new year.

Leaving the campus and going out to work, there are only seven days of holiday for the New Year. For the magic drift and the North drift that are far away from home, they may not choose to go home during the New Year.

Because once and again, the seven-day holiday requires four days of delay on the road.

Xu Qiu was inspired by Wu Shengnan. People who are weaker than him are working hard. Why not?

So he read the documents sent by Teacher Wei.

Recently, the movement in the field of organic photovoltaics has been quite large. The AM-level articles of the ITIC series of materials are like a blowout. In addition to a few published by my own research group, other research groups have also published five or six articles in succession, totaling more than ten Articles.

However, the status of Xu Qiu and Wei Xingsi’s research group has not been shaken.

The current world record for binary single-junction organic photovoltaic devices is still the IDIC-4F system reported by Xu Qiu’s “Nature·Energy”.

It’s not that the progress of other research groups is too slow, but Xu Qiu is too fast.

If Xu Qiu hadn’t come forward, the annual efficiency increase in the non-fullerene organic photovoltaic field might be 1% or 2%, for example, 10% this year, 12% next year, 13% next year, and 14% next year…

As a result, Xu Qiu took just over a year to increase the efficiency from about 10% at the beginning to 17%, a full 7% increase.

In terms of workload, this increase is almost a normal workload of four to five years.

Mainly because of the existence of the system, this process has been greatly accelerated.

At the same time, Xu Qiu gave several feasible paths in the “Joule” review, which will also accelerate the research process in the entire field.

Looking through the documents sent by Teacher Wei one by one, Xu Qiu found that some of the articles published by other research groups are still very valuable.

For example, Zang Chaojun of Qingbei University and Lu Changjun of the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, they were silent for a long time, and finally made a sound. The two research groups cooperated and published an AM and a JACS one after another.

They reported on two types of polymer donor materials, the outstanding ones are L2 and L6 respectively. When combined with ITIC and other benchmark acceptor materials, they both show a photoelectric conversion efficiency of more than 12%, up to these two types. The structure of the donor materials is relatively new, the D unit is unified BDT, and the A unit is a structure that Xu Qiu has never seen before, DTTP and DTBT.

Moreover, the former DTTP is still an asymmetric structure.

It has to be said that the synthetic background of the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is still very strong.

Their idea is to transfer all the side chains in the DA copolymer donor material to the D unit, while the A unit does not retain the side chain, thereby increasing the compatibility of this donor material with non-fullerene materials such as ITIC Sex.

Facts have proved that this strategy is indeed effective, and the performance is not weaker than the J series and H series materials developed by Wei Xingsi’s research group.

Moreover, the acceptor material used by the other party is still ITIC and standard samples, and the efficiency can already be achieved. If better performance ITIC and derivatives, such as IDIC-4F, -4F, etc., are used, the efficiency of the device may even exceed the current one. 13.5%, breaking the world record of dual single junction organic photovoltaics held by Xu Qiu. UU reading www.uukanshu.com

Even, they may already have the corresponding device data, and they are still in the process of sorting out the article.

However, Xu Qiu didn’t care, because now the world record of this dual single knot is only 13.5%, which is indeed a bit low.

He now has at least 10 systems in his hands that are more efficient than 13.5%, and even the highest system has achieved 16.4%.

Xu Qiu’s goal is very clear, that is, to continue to hit a CNS, world record or something, even if it is temporarily broken by someone else, he is confident that he can get it back again.

In addition, Xu Qiu is also interested in the two donor materials, L2 and L6.

Xu Qiu copied them into his simulation laboratory and used them as standard samples for synthesis and optimization.

After all, in addition to optimizing Y series materials, he is also looking for donor materials that are suitable for it.

For every additional choice, there is an increase in the probability of a breakthrough.